Woman In The Dunes Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lady In The Dunes - Movie Review Example As he set out for his campaign, he was late and along these lines missed the last transport back to the city. The residents offer him a spot to go through the night, controlling him down a rope stepping stool to a house that is under a sand quarry (Morris 1). This is the home of a young lady called Kyoko Kishida, who lives alone as her better half had kicked the bucket because of a dust storm. She is utilized to uncover sand for development by the locals, and keep it from covering the house. On getting up the next morning, the stepping stool that he had moved down on was gone. He understands that it was a snare, as the locals drive him to remain there and help the lady in uncovering the sand. Finding that it was the villagers’ plan for him to remain there for all time, he makes a few getaway endeavors, however they all fall flat (Crowther 1). Afterward, he discovers that the lady is alright with the existence that she lives since she knows no other life. His primary assignment is attempting to make sense of how to escape from his caught life, and simultaneously, exist together with the lady. The story later takes a turn in that, with time, Jumpei and Kyoko have a solid physical fascination for one another (Morris 1). They later adjust to one another and become darlings, regardless of their enduring in constrainment. The maker has delineated how life can end up being what was not anticipated. The terrible circumstance for Jumpei winds up getting him a lady to cherish. The predicament for Kyoko additionally gets her a man to cherish. The two endured for long, however they at long last profit by it. The paper portrays a portion of the ideas, topics and characters got from the film, after basic examination, concentrating on the principle thought of the maker. Jumpei Nikki’s character The film portrays an advancing character named Jumpei. Toward the start, Jumpei is depicted as an entomologist on a field work campaign. Here, he shows up as an unassumin g, gullible and inquisitive researcher, who believes that the locals are well disposed enough just to offer him a spot to remain for the evening (Morris 1). Afterward, when he finds that the locals deceived him, he obviously is enraged. Reality hits and he centers around getting away from an existence of affliction. Now, Jumpei is not, at this point a credulous researcher, yet a solid, certain man whose edginess touches off a character loaded with anger, center and assurance towards one objective (Crowther 1). Jumpei’s change of character, because of an unpleasant circumstance, is representative to the typical human life. It portrays the human life as one characterized in restriction and detainment. This shows how a difficult spot can compel the adjustment in character of an individual, whereby the endurance nature kicks (Morris 1). Kyoko Kishida’s character Suffering, desolate, work, determination, are the characteristics that ring a bell, while considering Kyoko Kish ida. She is a lady living alone in a hazardous domain, living on the edge, attempting to guarantee that the propelling sand doesn't devour her home. She is likewise a widow who lost her better half and child to a dust storm (Crowther 1). The young lady is confronted with an interminable undertaking, to burrow sand for the villagers’ use. Be that as it may, shockingly, this is her way of life; the main life she knows and is eager to pass on for. Having lived under such conditions for essentially as long as she can remember, she can manage Jumpei into acknowledgment. The representative importance of this is to show the conjunction between two individuals from various foundations. Jumpei is a harsh, apprehensive man, while Kyoto is without a care in the world (Morris 1). Fascination After Jumpei’s a few bombed endeavors to get away, he starts to get consumed into the better approach forever. He understands that the young lady, from her experience, is his absolute best at endurance (Crowther 1). Afterward, they wind up having a sexual fascination towards each

Ethical Issues on Accounting Essay

Society is made out of numerous establishments that have different reason and position. These foundations may at some point have negating objectives. Cash is something individuals buckle down for making it such a delicate issue. Debates with respect to cash are frequently snared in substantial questions and are difficult to settle. The bookkeeping is the field that spends significant time in the activity of dealing with different people’s cash issues. Incidentally, the bookkeeping business has been assaulted by contentions with respect to how they carry out their responsibility and how they settle questions if there are any. Rehearsing bookkeepers thus built up a picture of being either carefully proficient or, even under the least favorable conditions, unscrupulous. Lamentably for the bookkeeping field, it is considered by numerous that ethical measures of this field are decaying. This is the place morals become possibly the most important factor. It is dangerous to gauge issues without a lot of shows to control them in the dynamic. Morals came structure the Latin â€Å"ethos†, that implies character and customs. Morals fundamentally manages how individuals connect with one another. Morals likewise sets what is positive or negative, set in stone however unquestionably a lot more extensive than the regular ideas of the rightness or misleading quality of things (Cornwell University Law School). On the scholastic terms, morals relates to not simply close to home sentiments, religion, laws. Sentiments more often than not drives us to do unscrupulous acts. Being strict too doesn’t fundamentally imply that one is being moral. Obviously, religion sets exceptionally high moral guidelines. However, not all individuals are strict, non-strict individuals likewise have their own moral gauges. Additionally, being moral doesn’t fundamentally mean complying with the law. A great many people see the law as having indistinguishable grounds from morals. Laws are detailed to satisfy moral guidelines. Be that as it may, similar to emotions, the law can have certain predispositions, in this manner can be here and there can be seen as untrustworthy. Since morals is fundamentally right or wrong, it ends up being a significant device such tricky fields, for example, bookkeeping. Codes of expert lead Many fields of calling define a profoundly evolved point by point set of codes to control them in their training. They have dispensed a lot of their time and assets just to think of these codes. These arrangement of codes are all the more normally viewed as â€Å"professional codes. † For the situation of bookkeeping, The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants or AICPA has Codes of Professional Conduct which fills in as moral reference. Quite a bit of these codes were later converged with the open law. The converging of the codes to the law gave it substantially more enforceability. Putting aside the specialized instruction, bookkeeping students were likewise given morals courses before they lead practice in the field. They may have talked about fundamental moral. They may have been provided a talk of the codes of expert lead. The for the most part acknowledged arrangement of codes for bookkeeping is provided by the AICPA. One of the essential elements of the AICPA is simply the significant job in the guideline of rehearsing bookkeepers. Lion's share of the AICPA’s assets is committed to building up the â€Å"professional codes† for CPA experts. Beside the codes of expert lead, there is likewise GAAP or the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Much the same as the codes of expert lead, the GAAP fills in as an update that bookkeeping specialists should remember that they need to follow certain ethical rules. It likewise incorporates rules and the concurred sanctions if these guidelines were disregarded. The Codes of Professional Conduct and GAAP both remind bookkeeping experts that they should do their capacity dependably. Essentially, both these arrangements of good codes expresses that bookkeepers ought not submit fakes regardless of whether the allurement of individual increase is predominant. The codes and standards additionally remind them not to damage the set principles for it could mean overwhelming assents like disavowing of licenses. The utilization of expert codes is one approach to determine moral weakening in the bookkeeping calling. Then again, it very well may be seen as narrow minded with respect to bookkeepers as it just regards to their individualistic objectives. Additionally, having a lot of moral codes awards bookkeepers a picture of reliability and skill. Bookkeeping is a field that has an appeal by people in general. The general population, with all their cash, needs bookkeeping administrations so they could invest their valuable energy winning more cash as opposed to the difficult errand of arranging it. Bookkeeping, the same number of sees, is a specialized field, so bookkeepers devote themselves to the mind boggling specialized parts of the field forgetting about on virtues. Bookkeeper themselves consider themselves to be experts that doesn’t require moral codes to direct practice. Bookkeepers build up a mentality which can be extensively depicted as absence of joining moral judgment on their work. Specialists coin this as â€Å"ethical disharmony. † Ethical disharmony in bookkeeping relates to the mentality of bookkeepers to regard their picked field as totally ethically impartial. As the word recommends, moral disharmony is inclined to clashes. Bookkeepers enduring moral disharmony have an alternate arrangement of good codes, or even from a pessimistic standpoint without any, so clashes with different establishments will be difficult to determine. The foundation of this issue is detectable to different issues such as â€Å"self-regulation† rehearsed by the bookkeeping field. Self-guideline Self-guideline of the bookkeeping field essentially implies that the bookkeeping field itself makes their own arrangement of codes as opposed to removing it from the general public. Self-guideline can be something acceptable as it can give the field of bookkeeping more spotlight on their field. Self-guideline picked up prominence as it is viewed as â€Å"effective control† and the most effective apparatus for limiting blunders. Bookkeepers secure a few benefits that different individuals from the general public don’t have. This incorporates the selective option to figure out who can accomplish the bookkeeping work and how it ought to be finished. These exceptional benefits are allowed to them by the state. Yet, their obtained â€Å"autonomy† doesn’t come free. As a demonstration of graciousness, the bookkeeping calling presently loads having extraordinary open interests obligations that they should keep high ability and high moral principles (Gaa, 1994). When the guidelines are settled upon, it is formalized by law or by associations of a similar field. The associations screen and punish its individuals in the event that they withstand or disregard the concurred guidelines. On the off chance that infringement are accounted for, examinations are finished by the legislature or the association, where the violator is a part. Likewise self-guideline permits bookkeepers have more concentration as they wouldn’t invest energy and exertion creating proficient codes. Self-guideline can actuate clashes in light of the fact that at long last it should change in accordance with what the open needs. For some bookkeeping specialists, self guideline in bookkeeping can't work in like manner. Whenever removed a redundant importance, they are just managing themselves of what they ought to do and those that they can't abuse. The general population and the bookkeeping field is both partitioned in this issue. A few people will in general go with the choice to leave their monetary issues to their bookkeepers (Gowthorpe and Blake, 1998, pp. 1-3). They wouldn’t question anyway the bookkeepers will carry out the responsibility. In this regard, they remember it that the bookkeepers are the authorities in this field. Thus they don’t trouble in interfering (or contending) with their bookkeepers. The hazy area of this point is that it is extremely inclined to negligence, expected or unintended, that can prompt moral clashes between people in general and the bookkeeping field. Since the ethical code is self-managed, what might be correct or wrong for the bookkeepers might be repudiating to those of the general population. Be that as it may, if the state gave the bookkeeping business self-governance, it implies they are given more weight than different organizations. In this sense it is very dishonest for the state have certain predispositions. Also if the bookkeeping business is given this self-sufficiency, consequently they ought to give the open quality and legit administration with high respects to moral gauges and capability. Moral passes in bookkeeping I have procured instances of morals in real life in the bookkeeping field. I won't name the specific offices required as it is unscrupulous. Maybe perhaps the greatest affirmation of moral wrongdoing in bookkeeping was finished by an insurance agency by trading protection resources for misleadingly increment their development. This is a case of a â€Å"end legitimize the methods. † The insurance agency had just idea of its own great not disapproving of how their activity influences others. With their misleadingly swelled system net, financial specialists are attracted to chance their cash on an organization that has not proceeded as the unconsciously beguiled examiners state. (Flanagan, 2007, pp 38-46) Another moral pass in bookkeeping is segregation. Some insurance agencies have sexual orientation, racial, and age related predispositions before they sell their administration. This demonstration of separation is exceptionally deceptive in light of the fact that it repudiates the obligation of bookkeepers to general society. Explores discovered that sexual orientation appears to greatly affect arrangements (Flanagan, 2007, pp. 60-64). (a) Women appear to be more noteworthy in number as far as money related questions. During dealings, ladies incline toward being seen as sensible. Men are blessed to receive have increasingly financial direction so they can boost monetary pay. Ladies are blessed to receive have loads of self-question about their monetary abilities so they would need to settle with littler money related repayments. A few organizations see this as hazard to their financial addition so they deceptively dismiss littler settlements. Ladies are purportedly to have lesser victories

Anxiety Medications Used for Bipolar Disorder

Anxiety Medications Used for Bipolar Disorder In This Article Table of Contents Expand Benzodiazepines Antidepressants Buspar (Buspirone) Non-Medicinal Therapies Research has found that anxiety is common in people with bipolar disorder,?? with more than half of people experiencing one or more anxiety disorders. Other people may not have enough anxiety symptoms to be formally diagnosed with an anxiety disorder but still need medication to manage their symptoms. Anxiousness, worry, agitation, and insomnia, for example, are often experienced during bipolar depression and mixed episodes. Anxiety symptoms such as restlessness, worry and irritability may occur during mania and hypomania. Thus, its common for bipolar people to have anti-anxiety medications prescribed. Anxiety medications, also called anti-anxiety medications or anxiolytics, are prescribed for anxiety disorders as well as for people who have anxiety along with bipolar disorder or major depression. Anxiety medications help to make people less anxious and also help to ease restlessness and worrying. Many of these medications also help people to sleep better. Lets take a look at the different categories of medications which are used to treat anxiety and how they may be used for people with bipolar disorder. Benzodiazepines Most of the anti-anxiety medications that are primarily intended to treat anxiety are called benzodiazepines. Many of these anxiety medications are also prescribed for other conditions as well such as: AgitationInsomniaChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomitingAlcohol withdrawalSeizures Some of these medications are used primarily for their sedative effects, either to help with insomnia  or as relaxation medications prior to surgery. Benzodiazepine medications include: Valium (diazepam)Ativan (lorazepam)Klonopin (clonazepam)Serax (oxazepam)Librium (chlordiazepoxide)Xanax (alprazolam)Halcion (triazolam)Restoril (temazepam) Side effects of benzodiazepines are numerous, but of most concern is the issue of dependence. Antidepressants Many antidepressant medications have been found to have a beneficial effect on anxiety, and unlike benzodiazepines, do not carry the same types of risks for dependence, abuse, and overdose. For this reason, these drugs are often the mainstay of treatment of anxiety of any form. Drugs from different classes of antidepressants are commonly used, including: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Some of the drugs in this category are mentioned below along with some of the indications. All of these may be considered for treatment of anxiety depending on your particular symptoms. Paxil (paroxetine): Paxil has many uses, including major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Zoloft (sertraline): Zoloft is approved for the treatment of a number of disorders including major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder.Prozac (fluoxetine): Prozac is approved for treating depression, OCD, and panic disorder.Luvox (fluvoxamine): Luvox is commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of both the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine may also be used to treat anxiety. SNRIs include: Cymbalta (duloxetine)Effexor (venlafaxine)Pristiq (desvenlafaxine) Tricyclic Antidepressants The older tricyclic antidepressants are used less often for the treatment of anxiety with bipolar disorder but may be helpful in certain circumstances. Buspar (Buspirone) Buspar (buspirone) is unrelated to the medications above but may be helpful for anxiety with bipolar disorder, especially when combined with an antidepressant. While this medication generally has few side effects, there are some reports of mania on this drug, especially when combined with other medications. Non-Medicinal Therapies There are several other ways to approach the treatment of anxiety in addition to medications, and, in fact, a combination of treatments is most often the best approach. Other treatments may include: Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT); CBT is actually considered one of the most effective treatments for anxiety.??Coping and relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing. Keep in mind that all anxiety is not bad, and anxiety or eustress (good stress) actually motivates people to be all they can be.   The Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell If a person with bipolar disorder also has one or more anxiety disorders, its likely that an appropriate anti-anxiety medication will be prescribed. Any of the above medications may be prescribed for someone with bipolar disorder who also suffers from anxiety, even if the anxiety is not from an actual anxiety disorder. Normal Anxiety vs. An Anxiety Disorder

Refugee Process Supports Reintegration Chances For...

Refugee resettlement process supports reintegration chances for refugees and asylum seeker and it gives an approach to a sustainable peace-building through their empowerment. There some benefits but despite those things resettlement practices has some challenges as well for refugees and host both countries. Resettlement policy and practices can be analyzed by different context and perspective. In the United States, resettlement policy has become a humanitarian issue which related to human rights and social justice. USCIS has been playing an important role in identifying the refugees documents and supporting them to make legal person in USA. Capps, R., Newland, K. (2015) have discussed that refugee resettlement policy in a different host country like USA from different perspectives for example how to address the primarily pre and post migration issue is different. In this seminal work the author has discussed the increasing diversity of large USA, refugee populations may be making it more challenging for both resettlement agencies and local communities to meet refugee’s needs. Furthermore, it also discussed that the origins of refugees are increasingly diverse. This source can be very helpful to conceptualize our basic framework. UNHCR Environmental Management in Refugee Situations Learning Workshop; from an environmental point of view, this source is very good to read. It specifically discusses UNHCR and government policies and supporting services in terms ofShow MoreRelatedThe Unhcr13403 Words   |  54 PagesI.Hypothesis and Rationale A). Hypotheis * UNHCR responds to the challenges in the protection of the refugees by increasing the cooperation resulting in the uplift conditions of Refugees today. B). Rationale * The world politics is now full of tensions, complexities, and chaotic. As we can see from the recent crisis for example, Libya (March 2011). Immediately, the number of more than 200,000 people had fled from Libya, mostly migrant workers from Egypt and Tunisia but including many more

Learning Grammar, And Learning The Composition Process Essay

I’ve always enjoyed writing, and I’ve always been fairly good at it. In high school, I would receive high grades on most of my essays, if I even managed to turn them in. I was good at writing but not good at actually finishing what I write. Besides this, the problem I had most often with my essays was that they could be disorganized. I wasn’t very good at organizing my thoughts, and they were often jumbled. Taking English 1210 has certainly helped me improve this, along with other struggles I’ve had. This class felt easier than my past ones; however, I did learn more during this course than I did in other classes. I have achieved the learning outcomes for this course, which were defined for us in the syllabus. This course has helped me improve my writing and achieve these outcomes through classroom methodologies, learning grammar, and learning the composition process. There are four learning outcomes that were set at the beginning of the semester. These outcomes include: 1. The student will be able to use various forms of discourse, such as description, narration, exemplification, comparison/contrast and argumentation. 2. The student will be able to write full essays which incorporate a controlling idea stated in an introduction, developed in the the essay and summarized in the conclusion. 3. The student will be able to structure an argumentative essay using evidence and refuting the arguments of the opposition. 4. The student will write clear, complete sentences that areShow MoreRelatedSecond Language Writing Pedagogy And The Classroom And How Teachers Can Help Them Develop And Succeed Alongside Learners920 Words   |  4 PagesMatsuda, Paul and Matthew Hammill. â€Å"Second Language Writing Pedagogy† A Guide to Composition Pedagogies. Ed. Gary Tate et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 266-282. Print. 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According to the Louisiana Depart of Education (2008), to meet the demands of the comprehensive curriculum, these students are required to write complex multi-paragraph compositions with a clearly focused main idea and developed with relevant ideas, organization patterns, and structure that communicates clearly to the reader. The grade-level expectation also states that the students are required to use a variety

Family Issues Free Essays

string(92) " of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 52 \(2010\)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc\." International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 52 (2010)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. You read "Family Issues" in category "Essay examples" 2010 http://www. eurojournals. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/finance. htm Does Education Alleviate Poverty? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Imran Sharif Chaudhry Associate Professor of Economics. Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: imranchaudhry@bzu. edu. pk Shahnawaz Malik Professor of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: shahnawazmalik@bzu. edu. pk Abo ul Hassan Ph. D Research Fellow, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: adam_smith_17@hotmail. com Muhammad Zahir Faridi Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: zahirfaridi4u@yahoo. com Abstract Poverty has become a sensitive and ever remained issue almost in all developing countries of the world. Education plays a vital role in poverty alleviation. Therefore, it is important to investigate that whether different levels of education or literacy cause to alleviate poverty. The major objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of different levels of education and literacy on the incidence of poverty in Pakistan. Our results suggest that poverty alleviation process would be accelerated if resources are targeted at education sector especially in higher education. Pakistan presents a paradoxical situation. Until the late 1980s Pakistan had achieved a spectacular record of economic growth and reduced incidence of poverty remarkably, but the country had horrible social indicators. However when social indicators began to improve in the 1990s for a variety of reasons, both internally and externally driven, the average rate of economic growth declined. Contrary to the said situation, the general perception about Education is that the role of education in poverty alleviation, in close co-operation with other social sectors, is crucial. This paper is mainly intended to explore the reality that to what extent education is affective in poverty alleviation in Pakistan. In addition, some important macroeconomic variables have also been taken understudy to find out the reality of the problem. Keywords: Education; Poverty; Inflation; Economic Growth; Openness; Pakistan International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 135 I. Introduction Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, encompassing inability to satisfy basic needs, lack of control over resources, lack of education and skills, poor health, malnutrition, lack of shelter, poor access to clean water and sanitation, vulnerability to shocks, violence and crime, lack of political freedom and voices. The poor are the true poverty experts. They assert on material well being, physical well being, social well being, security of food, security of law and order, public safety, safety from violence and civil conflicts, freedom of choice and action, being a part of the decision making body rather to be a victim of decision making body and the security of jobs. Poverty can be looked at from different angles and depending upon the perspective one adopts definitions of poverty may vary. It differs from country to country and from context to context. Poverty may be absolute or relative. Absolute poverty can be eradicated but relative poverty cannot. Relative poverty is a dynamic concept because it involves comparison between groups. It exists in all parts of the world, either in packets or on a much larger scale. In Pakistan both absolute and relative poverty exists normally, poverty is measured in monetary terms. The causes of poverty are also multidimensional. 1 There is no single cause that can explain it fully. Poverty is often related to a number of factors: physical, psychological, economic and sociocultural. Among the physical factors accounting for poverty are an unfavorable natural environment and lack of basic physical and economic infrastructure. These may also relate to poor health and malnutrition. Psychological factors refer to feel of hopelessness, helplessness, lack of confidence in one’s self and poor self-image resulting from inappropriate value system, cultural deprivation and undeveloped potential. These factors may also be related to an inability to participate in democratic processes and behavioral inadequacies aggravated by low levels of literacy and education. Education is the most important factor that distinguishes the poor from the non-poor; according to Pakistan’s Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2001, the percentage of literate of households heads is 27 in poor households while for non-poor households it is 52. Though the origins of human capital theory can be traced to the earlier economists – from Adam Smith (1776) to Alfred Marshall (1920) – it is Theodore Schultz (1961) who created a ‘human investment revolution in economic thought’ by emphasizing the role of human capital in economic growth. Schultz (1961), Gary Becker (1964), Jacob Mincer (1972) and many others with their voluminous pioneering contributions placed education at a high pedestal in the theories of economic growth. Amartya Sen (1999) rightly argues that education constitutes a part of human freedom and human capability. . Over the period under study many important factors like unemployment, current account deficit and services growth rate have been contributed to why poverty is increasing even though education has increased consistently. We have tried to give a brief description of the debate of researchers that if increased education has significant impact on income and thus poverty or not or whether there are other factors mitigating or attenuating the impact of education on poverty. However in our analysis, the central focus has been on the role of education in poverty alleviation. Education has important implications for the analysis of changes in a poverty profile in a country. Keeping in view the issues high lighted above, this paper tries to answer following related questions. Does education play its role to alleviate poverty? What is the role of other key macroeconomic variables in poverty alleviation? What can be generalized about the impact of education on poverty? What are the important policy implications? These questions keep their extreme importance as answering the said questions will bring a solution to the hitherto puzzle that’s why Pakistan is lagging behind on the development path as compared to some developed countries who got independence later than us. 1 Technical consultation on literacy as a tool for the empowerment of the poor, Lampang, Thailand, 1997. 36 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) To pursue the problem understudy, this paper is technically divided into several parts. Firstly we have attempted to explain the conceptual and theoretical framework of education and poverty alleviation. So far as the empirical analysis is concerned, we have divided it into two portions. The first por tion presents the descriptive analyses and the second portion presents the econometric analysis which has been undertaken by considering autoregressive regression equations. II. Education and Poverty: A Theoretical Framework The economists often define education as having ‘direct effects’ and ‘indirect effects’. The direct effects of education are the imparting of knowledge and skills that are associated with higher wages. The indirect effects, also often referred to as external benefits, include fulfillment of basic needs, higher levels of democratic participation, better utilization of health facilities, shelter, water and sanitation and the additional effects which occur in woman’s behavior in decisions relating to fertility, family welfare and health. The relationship between education and poverty can also be examined by rate of return analysis, and production function analysis – at individual as well as social/national levels. Rates of return are estimated using either Mincerian earnings function (Mincer, 1972), or using the concept of marginal efficiency of capital that relates costs of education to the lifetime benefits, essentially earnings associated with education. III. Data and Methodological Issues In order to study the impact of education on poverty, the study chooses time series data, for thirty five years (1972-2007) for Pakistan. The poverty data sets are collected mainly from Malik (1988), Amjad and Kemal (1997), Jamal (2003) and various issues of Pakistan Economic Survey since 2005, while the data on other variables is collected from World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI), April 2008, ESDS International, (Mimas), University of Manchester. To make time series data on poverty incidence, a linear interpolation technique is employed. The selected time period presents the paradoxical situation of Pakistan as both growth and social indicators move in opposite directions. That is why it is selected to understand this paradoxical situation. Thirty five years time period is long enough to capture long run effect of most of the variable constructed in this study. We have tried to keep in view the problem of endogeniety while selecting the explanatory variables for our analysis. The study chooses the absolute poverty (poverty headcount index), education literacy rate, primary school level enrollment rate, middle school level and the university level enrollment widely used proxies for education) as the key variables. In addition, some useful variables (Growth rate, inflation rate, and Trade openness) have also been included in our model. In this study, autoregressive models are employed for econometric empirical investigation. In our first poverty autoregressive regression model, growth, literacy rate, CPI, and hcr(-1) are used to analyze while in the second model, some enrollment rates at various levels are considered. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, trade openness is also considered to check the robustness of globalization. Log values of the variables are used in the analysis. We postulate that the incidence of poverty prevailing in the economy is significantly dependent on higher education level. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 137 IV. Results and Discussions a) Descriptive Analysis Our complete data set consist of 35 years of annual observations from 1973-2007 on the selected variables. The descriptive statistic is reported in table 1 which states that the average of head count ratio (HCR) for our study period is 27. 63% with a standard deviation (SD) of 6. 74. The average of primary school enrollment rate is 11316. 8 with 6204. 18, the value of its standard deviation (SD). Middle school enrollment is 2667. 611 on an average and with standard deviation (SD) 1326. 06. The average values for university enrollment rate, real gross domestic product (RGDP) and openness are 83045. 19, 22879. 24, 33. 81 with the value of standard deviations 65444. 71, 5756. 76, 3. 18 are given accordingly. As far as skewness of v ariables is concerned head count ratio (HCR), primary school enrollment rate, middle school enrollment rate and university enrollment rate are skewed on the rightward whereas openness is skewed leftward. All the variables are skewed a little. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics HCR 27. 63 25. 20 45. 75 20. 71 6. 74 1. 04 3. 26 6. 64 0. 04 LITR 36. 93 34. 35 55. 00 22. 10 10. 92 0. 24 1. 56 3. 47 0. 18 MIDDLE 2667. 61 2350. 00 5368. 00 963. 00 1326. 06 0. 36 1. 83 2. 84 0. 24 PRIMARY 11316. 78 9827. 00 24465. 00 4210. 00 6204. 18 0. 57 2. 02 3. 36 0. 19 UNIV 83045. 19 65642. 00 296812. 00 17507. 00 65444. 71 1. 76 5. 59 28. 74 0. 00 OPEN 33. 81 34. 35 38. 91 27. 72 3. 18 -0. 30 2. 19 1. 53 0. 47 RGDP 22879. 24 23859. 71 33820. 04 14033. 11 5756. 76 -0. 06 1. 86 1. 97 0. 37 CPI 56. 51 39. 73 149. 0 7. 40 41. 73 0. 67 2. 16 3. 77 0. 15 Mean Median Maximum Minimum Std. Dev. Skewness Kurtosis Jarque-Bera Probability Kurtosis is a measure whether the data set is peaked or flat relative to a normal distribution. Kurtosis statistic of the variables shows that only HCR and university enrollment is Leptokurtic (long tailed or high peakedness) and all other variables are Platykurtic (relatively nar rower tailed then the normal curve. However the value of HCR is though high compared to the value of Meso-kurtic curve but it is not too high from the value desired for a normal distribution. The Jerque-Bera (JB) test of normality gives joint hypothesis of skewness and kurtosis. Jerque-Bera test of normality suggest that if the computed P-value of JB-statistic of university enrollment rate is sufficiently low as the value of the statistic is very different from zero, we state that the residuals for university enrollment rate is not normally distributed. For all other variables included in the present study, it is concluded that residuals for these variables are normally distributed. Table 2: Correlation Matrix HCR 1. 00 -0. 35 -0. 37 -0. 28 -0. 30 -0. 9 -0. 53 -0. 27 LITR 1. 00 0. 99 0. 98 0. 84 0. 25 0. 97 0. 98 MIDDLE 1. 00 0. 99 0. 86 0. 28 0. 97 0. 98 PRIMARY UNIV OPEN RGDP CPI HCR LITR MIDDLE PRIMARY UNIV OPEN RGDP CPI 1. 00 0. 89 0. 20 0. 95 0. 99 1. 00 0. 18 0. 84 0. 91 1. 00 0. 39 0. 17 1. 00 0. 94 1. 00 The degree of the relationship of the variables is also estimated and reported in table 2. All the variables are negatively correlated with each other. The result s state that openness is highly correlated and primary, middle, university enrollment rates and RGDP are moderately correlated with HCR. 138 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) b) Autoregressive Regression Analysis In our analysis, we have used a data set using time series ranging from 1973-2007. To investigate the significance of education (literacy) on the incidence of absolute Poverty, we have following autoregressive regression models. The robustness of the models is examined by including and excluding some important macroeconomic variables in our analysis. The model is given as below: The Poverty Autoregressive Regression Model- 1 LHCR = ? 0 + ? 1 LRGDP + ? LLITR + ? 3 LCPI + ? 4 LOPEN + ? 5 LHCR (? 1) + ? i Table 3 presents the estimation results in which head count index (HCI) is the dependent variable and the variables such as growth rate, literacy rate, consumer price index (CPI) and head count index (HCI) for the previous year are all explanatory variables in the present analysis. The value of adjusted Rsquared is 94. 5%, implying that 94. 6% of the variation in the d ependent variable is explained by the independent variable. The value of R-squared clearly shows robustness of our results. The value of hstatistic is 1. 8, the results indicates that there is no significant autocorrelation problem in the error. The coefficient for growth verifies our theoretical expectations, implying an inverse relationship between poverty and growth. The coefficient for growth is highly significant putting an immense effect on poverty. The results verify the findings of Sarris who could find that overall economic growth reduces overall poverty. The coefficient for literacy is significant in the poverty regression analysis. However the variable is inversely related with the dependent variable which verifies the theoretical relationship of the two variables. The above results follow the findings of Dollar and Kraay (2002) who have concluded that growth is a prominent factor in eliminating poverty and that the impact of low level of educational attainment is not so much important. The coefficient of the consumer price index (CPI) having an expected theoretical sign, implies a positive relationship with poverty. However coefficient is not statistically highly significant. Our results also second the findings of Romer and Romer who believed that an increase in inflation will be associated with a decline in the unemployment in the short run that may well relatively benefit the poor. The findings of Agenor (1998) also strengthen our faith on the outcome of our analysis implying the fact about the poverty rates to be positively related with inflation. The previous year’s poverty is highly significant with the incidence of poverty. The coefficient of the variable is keeping a postulated positive sign. The best justification of the result is given by the Ragner Nurkse who could observe that a â€Å"country is poor because it’s poor. † Although the theoretical expectations of our present study are fulfilled yet we have included some more important variables pertaining to the human capital. We have included primary, middle and university enrollment rates instead of the literacy rate in our model. In order to check the impact of globalization on the incidence of poverty, we have included the trade openness in our analysis. The coefficient of openness is negative and insignificant. Table 3: Estimates of the Model-I Coefficient 5. 77051 -0. 62553 0. 512801 0. 004567 -0. 123046 0. 713883 0. 94 0. 93 1. 58 Std. Error 2. 62493 0. 300753 0. 263391 0. 085448 0. 137595 0. 094954 t-Statistic 2. 198348 -2. 079882 1. 946923 0. 053446 -0. 89426 7. 518185 F-Stat Prob Prob. 0. 0361 0. 0465 0. 0613 0. 9577 0. 3785 0. 0 99. 93 0. 00 Variable C LLGDP LLITR LCPI LOPEN LHCR(-1) R Squared Adj R Squared h-Statistic International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 139 The Poverty Autoregressive Regression Model-2 It is a vivid fact that a problem like poverty cannot be eradicated at all. Owing to the said fact study is intended to explore the answer of the ques tion â€Å"Does education alleviate poverty? † To investigate the query, we have followed the regression model. We have developed the poverty regression model. Primary, middle and university enrollment rates as a proxy for education are used in our model. The model is given below: ? ? 0 + ? 1 LRGDP + ? 2 LPRIMARY + ? 3 LMIDDLE + ? 4 LUNIV + ? Poverty = ? ? ? ? 5 LCPI + ? 6 LOPEN + ? 7 LHCR(? 1) +  µ i ? Table 4 presents the estimation results for the poverty regression analysis where the dependent variable is the poverty had count index (HCI) and remaining seven variables namely log of real gross domestic product, log of primary school enrollment, log of middle school enrollment, log of university enrollment, log of consumer price index, log of openness and the log of head count ratio of the previous year are all independent variables. Note that the adjusted R-squared is 95. 9% implying that the approximately 95. 9% variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. The coefficient for LRGDP is keeping a negative sign implying the inverse relationship of LRGDP with the incidence of poverty. The theoretical relationship of LRGDP and LHCR also supports the negative relationship of these two variables. But the coefficient for LRGDP is statistically insignificant pervading a little effect on the incidence of poverty. The coefficient for log of primary enrollment rate and log of middle enrollment rate both keep a positive relationship with the incidence of poverty implying that both the standards minutely aggravate the incidence of poverty. The coefficients for both the levels are statistically insignificant which shows lesser nuisance value of primary and middle standards of education. The results also match with the findings of Rodriguez K Smith (1994) and Coulombe and Mckay (1996) who believe that the likelihood of being poor is higher for the lower levels of education. The coefficient for the log of university enrollment rate is statistically highly significant in the poverty regression analysis as shown in the table 3. The variable is inversely related with the dependent variable which verifies the theoretical relationship of the two variables. The estimation results verify the findings of all those who believe in an effective role of human development of poverty alleviation. The estimation results stay in line with the findings of Tilak (1994) which emphasize on the role of education. The results also explain that higher education is one of the most powerful means to reduce poverty. Our results also match with the findings of King (2005) who has argued that the agenda of the millennium development goals for education cannot be achieved without giving right consideration to higher education. All the prominent approaches of development like the human capital approach, the basic need approach, the human development approach and the capability approach which recognize the inverse relation of education and human poverty stay in line with our results. The coefficient for inflation rate in the poverty regression analysis for log values has become significant statistically and it is positively related with the poverty head count index. The postulated positive sign of inflation portrays the fact that inflation is regarded as more of a problem by the poor. The fact was also found by William Easterly and Stanlay Fischer (2001). According to them the rich are better able to protect themselves against, or benefit from; the effects of inflation then are the poor. The coefficient of openness is keeping a postulated negative sign, implying an inverse relationship between the incidence of poverty and openness. The estimation result shows that openness is powerfully influencing the poverty head count index as the coefficient of openness is found highly statistically significant. The results match with the findings of Derek H. C. Chen, Thilak Ranawera and Andriy Storozhuk who argue that high level of globalization, globalization would tend to increase poverty. The coefficient for the poverty of previous year is statistically highly significant, keeping a positive relationship with poverty. 40 Table 4: International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) Estimates of the Model-2 Coefficient 3. 707976 -0. 205005 0. 060653 0. 042189 -0. 154165 0. 127132 -0. 186327 0. 796384 0. 96 0. 95 -1. 68 Std. Error 1. 937434 0. 246698 0. 1637 0. 190211 0. 04069 0. 0777 0. 110726 0. 081578 t-Statistic 1. 913859 -0. 830995 0. 370514 0. 221801 -3. 788787 1. 63619 -1. 682781 9. 762301 F-Sat Prob Prob. 0. 0663 0. 4133 0. 7139 0. 8261 0. 0008 0. 1134 0. 1039 0. 00 114. 37 0. 00 Variable C LLGDP LPRIMAR LMIDDLE LUNI LCPI LOPEN LHCR(-1) R Squared Adj R Squared h Statistic V. Conclusion and Some Policy Recommendations In this paper, we addressed a key issue in the current debate on economic development: the role of education in poverty alleviation. We have reviewed the empirical evidence on the relationship between education and poverty. The link of education to poverty is one of the most important dimensions of policies towards poverty. Education may affect poverty in many ways. It may raise the incomes of those with education. It may in addition, by promoting growth in the economy raise the incomes of those with given levels of education. To measure education we used, among others, the literacy rate, primary education level, middle education level and university education level as proxies for education. To measure poverty, we emphasized on the concept of absolute poverty, using the poverty headcount index and as a proxy for relative poverty. We have used the econometric techniques to sketch a few stylized facts in a very complex framework of relationship. The present study incorporates macroeconomic, structural and policy variables to poverty headcount index and education. More specifically, the poverty equation links the incidence of poverty to CPI, growth, literacy rate, primary school education, middle school education and university education level and openness. The said relationship thus enables the changes in poverty due to the changes in macroeconomic or policy variables to be projected. The relationship is empirically estimated using time series regressions, based on thirty five years data of Pakistan from 1973 to 2007, which determined the magnitudes of the effects of the above mentioned macroeconomic, structural and policy variables on poverty. The results from the empirical analysis indicate that the university education significantly alleviates the incidence of absolute poverty. It is concluded that university education comes up with a powerful tool for poverty alleviation, keeping an inverse relationship with the dependent variable. As the higher education increases, the level of poverty decreases in the country. This result confirms the expectations that poverty is highly influenced by education. Local universities help developing countries in improving the skills of human capital which ultimately become helpful in poverty alleviating. University graduates have the specialized skills to earn a living and infuse their sector of employment- whether in the private industry, the public sector or civil society-with the enterprise that underpins success. Getting universal primary education, one of the millennium development goals, without the higher education would simply mean increasing the burden of unskilled population on the economy. Some people consider university education a luxury for developing countries. It is not a luxury, it is essential. Our estimation results confirm the best known approaches like the human capital approach, the basic needs approach, the human development approach and the Sen’s capabilities approach as all four approaches mainly emphasize on the attainment of education for economic development. Our estimation results carry an important policy implication-namely that the spread or the distribution of higher education among the population can have a powerful impact on their welfare. A household with no education among any of its members may benefit from even one member gaining access to International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 141 education, beyond the immediate gains to that particular individual. And this is not only the case when an improvement in the education of the family’s children, but also it becomes the better and immediate source of earning opportunities for other members. Our empirical results confirm that education plays an effective role in poverty alleviation. Accordingly, a focus of economic policies on education in order to reduce poverty and to speed up development appears to be justified. Inflation also becomes the cause of poverty while trade openness reduces poverty significantly. Nevertheless, it is recommended that inflation controlled and trade opened policies will definitely and significantly address this issue of poverty alleviation in Pakistan. References [1] [2] [3] [4] Agenor, Pierre-Richard (1998). Stabilization policies, poverty and the Labour Market, Mimeo, IMF and World Bank. Amjad, Rashid, and Kemal, A. R. (1997). Macroeconomic policies and their impact on poverty alleviation in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 36(1), 39-68. Becker, Gary S. (1964). Human Capital. New York Colombia University Press for NBER Chen, Derek H. C. , Ranaweera, Thilak and Storozhuk, Andriy, (2004). The RMSM-X+P: A Minimal Poverty Module for the RMSM-X (May 11, 2004). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3304. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=610349 Dollar D, Kraay A (2002). Growth is good for the poor. Journal of Economic Growth, 7,195-225. Irfan, Muhammad (2001). Global Trends on Education. The Oxfam Education Report (2001), Chapter 2. Jamal, H. (2003). Poverty and inequality during the adjustment decade: Empirical findings from household surveys. The Pakistan Development Review, 42(2), 125-136. Khan, Mosin (1990). Macroeconomic Policies and the Balance of Payments in Pakistan. 197286, IMF Working Paper /90 /78, Washington D. C. Malik, Muhammad Hussain (1988). Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 27(4), 509-516. Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan 1890 (1st edition); (1920) (8th edition). Book VI, Ch. IV, 2, 3 and 4 (pp. 560—566); Chapter XI, 1 (pp. 660—661) and Chapter XII,  § 9 (pp. 681—684). Mincer, Jacob (1972). Schooling, Experience and Earnings. New York: NBER. Mincer, Jacob (1958). Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66. Ministry of Finance Pakistan (2001). Combating Poverty in Pakistan, www. finance. gov. pk Pakistan Economic Survey (various Issues), Ministry of finance, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Romer, Christina and David Romer (1998). Monetary Policy and the Well-Being of the Poor. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 6793, November Sarris, Alexender H. (2001). The Role of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction: An Empirical and Conceptual Foundation. University of Athens, Athens. Schultz, Theodore W. (1961). Education and Economic Growth. In N. B. Henry (Ed), social factor influencing education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sen, Amartya (1999). Development as Freedom. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Smith, Adam (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London. (First edition). London: George Rutledge Sons. 1903. pp. 78-79. World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI). (April 2008). ESDS International, (Mimas): University of Manchester. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] How to cite Family Issues, Essay examples

Who Can We Trust free essay sample

This essay analyzes relationships in Raymond Carvers short story So Much Water so Close to Home. This paper shows the how an individual can generalize a persons reaction of mistrust towards a certain group of people. The author uses Raymond Carvers short story So Much Water so Close to Home, to provide specific examples of how Claire, the main character, started to feel about men after being in a love-hate relationship with her husband. From the Paper: Trust is a valuable commodity in todays society. People place a high value on trust because it can be lost so easily. Gaining someones trust is not easy but quite difficult. The experiences people go through and the decisions people make determine if a level of trust has been earned. As time goes forward in a persons life, that person builds trusting relationships with others. These relationships may lead to marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Can We Trust? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Claire and Stuart are the main characters in Raymond Carvers short story, So Much Water So Close to Home, but also had a relationship before their marriage.